{"id":4947,"date":"2017-06-19T11:09:42","date_gmt":"2017-06-19T15:09:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chinacenter.net\/?p=4947"},"modified":"2023-04-07T11:07:24","modified_gmt":"2023-04-07T15:07:24","slug":"u-s-china-education-relations-past-present-future","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chinacenter.net\/2017\/china-currents\/16-2\/u-s-china-education-relations-past-present-future\/","title":{"rendered":"U.S. \u2013 China Education Relations: past, present, and future"},"content":{"rendered":"

The following is an address Dr. Bullock prepared for the third annual Young Scholars Forum at Nanjing University. The forum, held on September 21-22, 2016, was sponsored by The Global Times and the Carter Center.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

Let me begin with a story.\u00a0 In 1978 Zhou Peiyuan, senior scientist-educator and president of Peking University, led a delegation to Washington to negotiate a new era in U.S.-China education relations.\u00a0 Trained in both China and the United States, he was determined to recreate for a new generation the educational experiences that had given him a Boxer Indemnity scholarship, that had enabled him to receive three degrees from the University of Chicago and California Institute of Technology, that had enabled him to study at Princeton University with Albert Einstein.\u00a0 His model was that of the Republican era when thousands of Chinese students studied with scholarships at elite American universities.\u00a0 As an observer I was somewhat surprised that American negotiators were hesitant, preferring a very limited, centralized Soviet-type program.\u00a0 Under the Soviet exchange program, American and Soviet universities did not have direct contact with one another, and the exchange numbers were negotiated and balanced each year. \u00a0Zhou would have none of it, canceling the meetings and threatening to return to China.<\/p>\n

After a few days the American side accepted all details of his proposal. The \u201cUnderstanding on the Exchange of Students and Scholars,\u201d signed in October 1978, was appended as Agreement #1 to the January 1979 political normalization agreement between Jimmy Carter and Deng Xiaoping.\u00a0 Today, 38 years later, with 305,000 Chinese in the United States and an American number only limited by interest and funding, this remains the governing framework.<\/p>\n

I begin with this story for two reasons.\u00a0 First, to underline the many different ways in which the legacy of an earlier era has influenced government officials, educators, and the Chinese and American public.\u00a0 Second, to remind us that the power of ideas flows continuously, over decades and centuries, and across oceans and continents.\u00a0 The British and German influences on American education continue to be felt even as Confucianism and the traditional shuyuan<\/em> find expression in China\u2019s modern universities.<\/p>\n

Today China is America\u2019s largest educational and scientific partner, and vice-versa.\u00a0 China has made many investments to become an international education destination. In addition to national scholarship funds, each province is working to attract more international faculty and students. \u00a0It has funded upwards of 100 Confucius Institutes in the United States.\u00a0 The Fulbright Program is the signature American program. The United States continues as the number-one destination for Chinese students who number more than twice those from India, the second-largest group.\u00a0 They are relatively evenly divided between graduate and undergraduate students.\u00a0 Hundreds of American universities have research and exchange programs with China.\u00a0 More American students study in China than any other developing country.\u00a0 Eighty colleges and universities from 36 states are operating undergraduate degree programs in China while 30 offer graduate degrees.\u00a0 All Chinese provinces and autonomous regions have educational agreements with American universities, and all but Xinjiang, Tibet, and Qinghai have joint degree programs.\u00a0 Most of the Ivy League schools are sponsoring stand-alone research centers in China while three American universities \u2013 NYU, Duke, and Kean \u2013 have established comprehensive, joint venture, independent Chinese universities.\u00a0 The Schwarzman College, a fully American-funded graduate school, has just opened at Tsinghua University this fall.1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The sheer scale is hard to grasp. But beyond the scale I would like to note three key factors.<\/p>\n

First, the importance of science.\u00a0Since 1980 more than 90,000 Chinese have received Ph.D. degrees in the United States, approximately 70 percent in the STEM fields, and approximately 80 percent have stayed in the United States, contributing significantly to U.S. human capital needs.\u00a0 This has not necessarily limited their contributions to Chinese higher education and research.\u00a0 Telecommunications and the ease of trans-Pacific travel have changed the context of global knowledge creation: the boundaries between national and international science are far more blurred.\u00a0 Given these numbers and the extensive bilateral institutional research projects, it is not surprising that for both countries, scientific collaboration has been the most important result of the educational relationship.\u00a0 Richard P. Suttmeier, the foremost American student of the scientific relationship, has concluded that, \u201cMeasured by co-authored scientific research papers, U.S. collaboration now exceeds collaboration with traditional partners such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan.\u00a0 China and the United States have become each other\u2019s main partner in scientific collaboration.<\/em>\u201d (Italics added.) 2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Second, some limitations in the fields of social science and the humanities.\u00a0 Almost all of the joint-degree programs are in scientific fields, and only a small percentage (c. seven percent) of Chinese students in the U.S. are in these fields.\u00a0 During the last three decades, American scholars have learned a great deal about China, historically and today.\u00a0 Information about Chinese history, economy and government has been passed on to American higher education and the broader public.\u00a0 The Chinese study of the United States has, however, been rather limited.\u00a0 Given the importance of our bilateral relationship one hopes that Chinese attention to the study of the United States, including more accurate high school and college textbooks, could be accomplished.\u00a0 The United States would welcome more Chinese students and scholars studying the United States.<\/p>\n

Third, although student exchanges receive the most attention, it is arguable that institutional partnerships are more significant. For both countries, their institutional partnerships with each other greatly outnumber those with other countries.\u00a0 Some are superficial but one increasingly finds dual-degree programs and significant collaborative research.<\/p>\n

Of particular significance are the ways in which two American university models \u2013 the liberal arts college and the research university \u2013 are influencing China\u2019s education sector. In 2012 leading American, Chinese, and European university leaders signed \u201cThe Hefei Statement on Ten Characteristics of Research Universities.\u201d\u00a0 While recognizing national difference, the university leaders concurred on key attributes including academic freedom, tolerance of competing views, and open and transparent governance.<\/p>\n

Looking to the future, let me suggest an emerging new paradigm in Sino-American education relations.\u00a0 I look forward to your critique of these ideas.<\/p>\n

First, the education relationship is no longer asymmetrical; it is becoming symmetrical.\u00a0 Gone are the days when China needed<\/em> American educational assistance. Gone are the days when American faculty were always the senior partners in research collaboration.\u00a0 China is creating world-class universities and Chinese funds are building and sustaining the new joint venture universities in China.\u00a0 No longer do American universities provide free rides for underprivileged Chinese students. They now seek self-paying Chinese students.\u00a0 In 2015 these contributed $9.8 billion to the American economy.<\/p>\n

Second, for the first time China is directly participating in research and education in America.\u00a0 In 2015 Tsinghua University, the University of Washington, and Microsoft announced the creation of a new research and education institution in Seattle, the first such bilateral venture in the United States.\u00a0 Ten years earlier, the Chinese government-funded education agency, Hanban, began funding Confucius Institutes in American universities. Today there are perhaps 100.<\/p>\n

The third change is ideological. In 2014 the Minister of Education called for a rejection of western learning and subsequent government documents have reinforced the importance of Marxist ideology and patriotic education.\u00a0 This rhetoric, which appears to exclude American values, has already had a chilling effect on some educational programs.<\/p>\n

Taken together these three factors \u2013 the advent of Chinese world-class scholars and universities, the entry of China into the domestic American educational world, and China\u2019s current ideological campaign \u2013 point to a more complex and potentially contentious future. \u00a0To offset this pessimism let me also point to ways in which the U.S.-China educational relationship can continue to flourish.<\/p>\n

First, both countries are experiencing the presence of new institutional models introduced from each other.\u00a0 There is every indication that these will include educational innovations that will benefit higher education universally.\u00a0 In 2018 Duke Kunshan University will introduce a new undergraduate curriculum that may well become a transformative model for both countries.\u00a0 The Tsinghua collaboration with the University of Washington and Microsoft introduces a new model of industry\/university cooperation that could well have a broader influence.\u00a0 In collaboration with Tianjin City, The Julliard School will introduce a music academy in 2018 that truly is of world renown. The sometimes-criticized Confucius Institutes are innovative university partnerships that promote linguistic and cultural collaboration.<\/p>\n

Second, at a time of growing competition between the two countries, the extensive bilateral educational relationship takes on a new strategic role \u2013 for both countries.\u00a0 The growing parity between the educational and scientific establishments makes the China connection much more valuable for the United States.\u00a0 Americans must learn to welcome a more symmetrical relationship in which we have much to gain as well as to give. With its many collaborative programs in China, American scholars are well positioned to collaborate with Chinese scholars in forefront fields. \u00a0Already the fields of medicine, environment, geology, and climate change are benefitting from this bilateral collaboration.<\/p>\n

Finally, the educational relationship is in the DNA of U.S.-China relations, a strand of DNA that has served both countries well, during the Qing, Republican, and People\u2019s Republic eras.\u00a0 This relationship has survived earlier periods in which China has questioned western education.\u00a0 China\u2019s quest to form a distinctly Chinese modern education system is central to its modern history. \u00a0We need to learn more about this emerging model.\u00a0 And, I believe we share more educational values than some realize.\u00a0 While I was vice chancellor at Duke Kunshan University, I always talked about a cluster of values: academic freedom, academic responsibility, and academic integrity. \u00a0My Chinese counterparts loved Duke\u2019s motto: knowledge in service to society.\u00a0 Chinese educators understand that all of these values are central to the success of the vibrant American educational model. \u00a0Academic freedom and university autonomy are frequently discussed in educational circles.\u00a0 China cannot expect American educators to abandon their core values, nor should Americans expect Chinese universities to \u201cbecome just like us.\u201d A new Chinese model is emerging, one that draws on historic Confucian as well as more recent Marxist and western influences.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The following is an address Dr. Bullock prepared for the third annual Young Scholars Forum at Nanjing University. The forum, held on September 21-22, 2016, was sponsored by The Global…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48,"featured_media":4949,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[863],"tags":[873,874,422,263],"topic":[1052,1056,1060],"journal-year":[1071],"coauthors":[868],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nU.S. \u2013 China Education Relations: past, present, and future | China Research Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chinacenter.net\/2017\/china_currents\/16-2\/u-s-china-education-relations-past-present-future\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"U.S. \u2013 China Education Relations: past, present, and future | China Research Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The following is an address Dr. Bullock prepared for the third annual Young Scholars Forum at Nanjing University. 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